English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Greenhouse experiment was carried out to study the effects of seed size and seed iron and zinc content on seedling growth of 15 promising and dominant varieties of barley plant in the North part of Iraq. Three groups of seed size with different seed quality (Fe and Zn content) of each variety were sown in Fe and Zn deficient alkaline calcareous soil. After six weeks root and shoot dry weights of barley plants grew from different seed size and seed quality were compared. Seedlings derived from larger seed size and with high Fe and Zn content had greater root and shoot dry weights. Barley varieties El-Kheir, 1/1105,Amal and local black performed better seedling growth. INTRODUCTION Micronutrient content of seeds is important for the nutrition of plant seedling and this effect is most pronounced in micronutrient deficient soil (Rengel and Graham, 1995, Yilmaz et al., 1997). Seed size and seed micronutrient content roles on seedling growth under Fe and Zn deficient condition is rarely studied.In Iraq there is no such kind of studies. In this study, the objectives were to investigate the effects of seed size and its micronutrients (Fe and Zn) content on the early growth of 15 promising and dominant barley varieties grown in north part of Iraq, on calcareous soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of seed size and seed micronutrients (Fe and Zn) content on the early growth of 15 different barley varieties (El-Kheir, Boraq, Ghallion, 1/1105, Haddhar-465, Amal, AlBawadi, Sameer, Local black, Biba-99, ACSAD-14, ACSAD-2, ACSAD-9, ACSAD-12 and Najim Al-deen). The seeds of the 15 promising and dominant varieties were collected from the agriculture research stations which located in Dohuk and Erbil governorates in north part of Iraq. Seeds of each variety were sieved and separated to three seed size groups {retained on 4.0 mm mesh (group I), passed through a 4.0 mm mesh and retained on 3.0 mm mesh (group II), and passed through a 3.0 mm mesh and retained on 2.36 mm mesh (group III)}. Iron and Zinc in seeds of each group size and of each barley variety were determined by using method described by Chapman and Part ( 1961). Micronutrient (Fe and Zn)-deficient calcareous silty clay soil with about 21% CaCO3 and pH 8.6 (Table 1) was collected from the field experiment station at the The research is a part of the Ph.D. thesis of the 2 researcher Received 19/10/2009 accepted 4/1/2010 Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815–316X) Vol. (38) No. (4) 2010 college of Agriculture, Dohuk University, Northern Iraq. PVC pots (9.5 cm diameter × 11cm length) were filled with 500g air-dry soil. Eight seeds from each group size were sown in each pot, and distilled water was added in amounts sufficient to bring soil water content to 75% of soil field capacity. Soil moisture content was kept at 75% of field capacity during the period of the experiment by weighing the pots daily and adding by distilled water to obtain the original wet weight. After germination plants were thinned to 4 plants per pot, and after 45 days from sowing plants were harvested. At harvest time soil was washed off root under running tap water. Both roots and shoots were separated gently and weighed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical and chemical characteristics of soil :Various physiochemical properties of soil are presented in (Table 1). Soil was calcareous which contained more than 200 CaCO3 gm kgsoil and characterized by very low organic matter content 15.5gm kgsoil and had high pH value 8.6. Concentration of DTPA-extractable Fe in soil was 2.79 mg kg soil which was less than the adequate amount of Fe in calcareous soils (4 mg kgsoil) as stated by Soltanpour and Schwab (1977), and it was marginal with the critical level for calcareous soils (2.5 mg kgsoil) obtained by Sims and Johnson ( 1991), while the zinc concentration of the soil was 0.55 mg kgsoil which was less than marginal amount of Zn in calcareous soils (0.6-1.0 mg kgsoil) as (Soltanpoure and Schwab, 1977) stated, and was very close to the critical level (0.5 mg kg-1soil) obtained by Sims and Johnson(1991). The soil texture silty clay with high fractions of both silt and clay and low fraction of sand. Table ( 1): Physicochemical properties of top soil sample (0-30) cm. pH 8.6 Sand (g kg) 90.60 CaCO3 (gm Kgsoil) 201.0 Silt (g kg) 487.50 Organic matter (gm Kgsoil) 15. 5 Clay (g kg) 421.90 Available Fe (mg Kgsoil) 2.79 Soil texture Silty clay Available Zn (mg Kgsoil) 0.55 Moisture at Field capacity (%) 31.68 Seed Size and Seed micronutrients content:The effect of seed size was significant for seed micronutrients (Fe and Zn) content (Table 2). The large seed size had a bigger store of Fe and Zn nutrients. Seeds of the 15 barley varieties varied significantly (Table 2) in their Fe and Zn content and therefore, the seed Fe content was higher than that of Zn. Najim Al-deen and ACSAD-2 varieties showed the lowest seed Fe content, while Biba-99 and ACSAD-2 showed the lowest seed Zn content. Root dry matter:Root dry matter production of the barley seedling was influenced by seed size and seed micronutrients content as well as was by barley varieties. Large seed size which contained highest amount of ( Fe and Zn) significantly resulted in better root production (Table 3) than the other two seed size groups. Barley variety also had significant effect in root dry matter production, where AlBawadi, Amal and ACSAD-9 varieties had higher root dry matter as compared to other barley varieties. Shoot dry matter:Seed size and seed micronutrients content effect on shoot dry matter production were very similar to the effect on root dry matter production Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815–316X) Vol. (38) No. (4) 2010 (Table 3). Seedling derived from larger size which had a bigger store of micronutrients (Table 4) produced more shoot dry matter. The results also showed significant variation in shoot dry matter production under the effect of barley varieties. El-kheir variety had higher shoot dry matter production while Najim Aldeen produced significantly less shoot growth. Table (2): Effects of barley variety and seed size group (I, II and III) on Fe and Zn seed content. Barley varieties (μg Fe Kg -1) (μgZn Kg-1) Average variety nutrient content (μg Kg-1) I II III I II III Fe Zn El-Kheir ١٦١.١٣ ١٤٣.٢٧ ١٣٢.٢٠ ٦٨.٠٠ ٦٣.٣٣ ٥٥.٢٧ ١٤٥.٥٣ ٦٢.٢٠ Buraq ١٦٠.١٣ ١٣٦.٠٧ ٩١.٢٠ ٧٨.٠٧ ٥٤.١٣ ٤٧.٦٠ ١٢٩.١٣ ٥٩.٩٣ Ghallion ١٧٧.١٣ ١٦٣.٦٠ ١٣٦.٢٧ ٦١.٠٠ ٥٥.١٣ ٥١.٢٠ ١٥٩.٠٣ ٥٥.٧٨ 1/1105 ١٣٥.٨٠ ١١٤.٢٧ ١١٥.٧٠ ٥٦.١٣ ٥١.٢٧ ٥٢.٣٣ ١٢١.٩٢ ٥٣.٢٤ Haddhar-465 ١٣٣.٣٣ ١١٧.١٣ ١٢٦.٢٠ ٦٨.٥٣ ٥٢.١٣ ٤٧.٠٧ ١٢٥.٥٦ ٥٥.٩١ Amal ١٨٤.٢٧ ١٣٣.١٣ ١٤٤.٠٧ ٦١.٢٠ ٤٣.١٣ ٤٨.٠٧ ١٥٣.٨٢ ٥٠.٨٠ Al-Bawadi ١٨٤.٠٤ ١٠٤.٢٧ ١٠٧.١٣ ٦٦.١٣ ٤٢.٤٠ ٥٢.١٣ ١٣١.٩٣ ٥٣.٥٦ Sameer ١٧٠.٦٠ ١٣٥.٢٠ ١٦٣.٢٧ ٦٦.١٣ ٤١.١٣ ٤١.٨٠ ١٥٦.٣٦ ٤٩.٦٩ Local black ١٤٥.٢٧ ١٢٦.٤٧ ١٢٢.٢٠ ٥٧.٠٧ ٤٤.٨٠ ٤٦.٠٧ ١٣١.٣١ ٤٩.٣١ Biba-99 ١٢٨.٤٧ ١٠٥.١٣ ١٠٧.٣٣ ٤٦.٣٣ ٤٥.٦٠ ٣٢.٦٧ ١١٣.٦٤ ٤١.٥٣ ACSAD-14 ١٨٢.٢٠ ١٤٩.٢٧ ١٤٨.٢٧ ٦٥.٢٧ ٦٥.٢٠ ٥٤.٠٧ ١٥٩.٨٩ ٦١.٥١ ACSAD-2 ١٤١.٣٣ ١٠٤.١٣ ٧١.١٣ ٤٧.٠٠ ٤٤.٠٧ ٤١.٢٠ ١٠٥.٥٣ ٤٤.٠٩ ACSAD-9 ١٤٧.٦٠ ١٣٥.٠٠ ٧٢.٧٣ ٨٨.٢٧ ٧٧.٠٣ ٥٦.٠٠ ١١٨.٤٤ ٧٣.٨٤ ACSAD-12 ١٥٨.٣٣ ١٣٩.٠٧ ١٤٠.٠٧ ٧٢.٦٧ ٥٧.٠٧ ٦٢.١٣ ١٤٥.٨٢ ٦٣.٩٦ Najim Al-deen ١٢٨.٠٧ ٨٥.٢٠ ٦٢.٥٣ ٦٨.٢٠ ٦٤.٢٠ ٤٢.٢٠ ٩١.٩٣ ٥٨.٢٠ Variety × Seed size effect Adj. LSD, 0.05 ٢١.١٨ ٢١.٦٦ ١٢.٢٣ ١٢.٥١ Seed size micronutrient content (μg Kg)

SEED SIZE AND SEED QUALITY EFFECTS ON SEEDDLING GROWTH OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN Fe AND Zn DEFICIENT CALCAREOUS SOIL