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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae  is the causal agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious and often deadly respiratory disease that causes major economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-dependent antagonistic activity of  Streptococcus pluranimalium  2N12 (pig nasal isolate) against  A. pleuropneumoniae . A fluorimetric assay showed that  S. pluranimalium  produces H 2 O 2  dose- and time-dependently. The production of H 2 O 2  increased in the presence of exogenous lactate, suggesting the involvement of lactate oxidase. All 20 strains of  A. pleuropneumoniae  tested, belonging to 18 different serovars, were susceptible to H 2 O 2 , with minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations ranging from 0.57 to 2.3 mM. H 2 O 2 , as well as a culture supernatant of  S. pluranimalium , killed planktonic cells of  A. pleuropneumoniae . Treating the culture supernatant with catalase abolished its bactericidal property. H 2 O 2  was also active against a pre-formed biofilm-like structure of  A. pleuropneumoniae  albeit to a lesser extent. A checkerboard assay was used to show that there were antibacterial synergistic interactions between H 2 O 2  and conventional antibiotics, more particularly ceftiofur. Based on our results and within the limitations of this  in vitro  study, the production of H 2 O 2  by  S. pluranimalium  could be regarded as a potential protective mechanism of the upper respiratory tract against H 2 O 2 -sensitive pathogens such as  A. pleuropneumoniae .

frontiers in veterinary science

Streptococcus pluranimalium 2N12 Exerts an Antagonistic Effect Against the Swine Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Producing Hydrogen Peroxide