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This paper reports the occurrence for the first time in Italy of autochthonous  Onchocerca  infection in donkeys. Four jennies, bred on the same farm, were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Pisa for a check-up on ovarian activity ( n  = 3) or for veterinary support during the delivery ( n  = 1). Microfilariae were incidentally detected during the blood smear examination of one jenny. Peripheral blood samples were then collected from the other three jennies and the presence of microfilariae was investigated by Knott's test. Circulating unsheathed microfilariae were identified in all the animals. The level of microfilaraemia was between 1 and 31 microfilariae in 2 mL of blood. Hematological changes showed moderate eosinophilia in one case or both remarkable eosinophilia and basophilia in another case. Based on molecular findings by PCR and sequencing, the microfilariae showed 98% sequence similarity with  Onchocerca  sp. in the NCBI GenBank database (Accession No.:  MK541848.1 ). The present report provides evidence that  Onchocerca  is an etiological agent of parasitic infection in donkeys in Italy. Our findings highlight the importance of screening in donkeys for  Onchocerca  even in the absence of clinical indications.

Incidental Detection of Onchocerca Microfilariae in Donkeys (Equus asinus) in Italy: Report of Four Cases