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Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, can potentially increase the ability of bacteria to infect and persist in vertebrate host cells. IncI1 plasmids are widely distributed in  Salmonella  from food animal sources and associated with clinically important strains. These plasmids often encode antimicrobial resistance; however, little is known about their impact on the virulence of  Salmonella  strains. To assess the potential impact of the plasmids on virulence, 43 IncI1-positive  Salmonella  isolates from human and animal sources were subjected to whole genome sequence (WGS) analyses and evaluated for their abilities to invade and persist for 48 h in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells, form biofilms and encode bacteriocins. Draft WGS data were submitted to predict the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicon types present, conduct plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST) in the isolates. Caco-2 cells were infected with  Salmonella  strains and incubated for both one and 48 h for the invasion and persistence assays, respectively. Additionally,  Salmonella  isolates and IncI1 plasmid carrying transconjugants ( n  = 12) generated in  Escherichia coli  were assessed for their ability to produce biofilms and bacteriocin inhibition of growth of other bacteria. All  Salmonella  isolates infected Caco-2 cells and persisted in the cells at 48 hrs. Persistent cell counts were observed to be significantly higher than invasion assay cell counts in 26% of the isolates. Among the IncI1 plasmids, there were 18 pMLST types. Nearly 35% ( n  = 15) of  Salmonella  isolates produced biofilms; however, none of the IncI1-positive transconjugants produced increased biofilms compared to the recipient. Approximately 65% ( n  = 28) of isolates and 67% ( n  = 8) of IncI1-positive transconjugants were able to inhibit growth of at least one  E. coli  strain; however, none inhibited the growth of strains from species other than  E. coli . The study characterized IncI1 positive  Salmonella  isolates and provided evidence about the potential contributions of IncI1 plasmids virulence phenotypes and areas where they do not. These findings should allow for more focused efforts to assess the impact of plasmids on bacterial pathophysiology and human health.

frontiers in veterinary science

Evaluation of Incompatibility Group I1 (IncI1) Plasmid-Containing Salmonella enterica and Assessment of the Plasmids in Bacteriocin Production and Biofilm Development