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Primary infection and pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) require an intricate interaction of virus with the mucosal epithelium, mononuclear cells and the vascular endothelium. Studies on EHV-1 have been facilitated by the development of different  in vitro  models that recapitulate the  in vivo  tissue complexity. The available  in vitro  assays can be categorized into (i) models mimicking the epithelium-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) interaction, which include  ex vivo  mucosal (nasal and vaginal) explants and equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) cultures; and (ii) PBMC-endothelium mimicking models, including flow chamber and contact assays. These  in vitro  models have proven their worth in attempts to recapitulate the  in vivo  architecture and complexity, produce data relevant to natural host infection, and reduce animal use due to  in vivo  experiments. Although horse models are still needed for certain experiments, e.g., EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy or vaccination studies, available  in vitro  models can be used to obtain highly valuable data on virus-host tissue interactions. Microfluidic based 3D culture system (e.g., horse-on-a-chip) could be a potential upgraded version of these  in vitro  models for future research.

EHV-1 Pathogenesis: Current in vitro Models and Future Perspectives