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Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), especially  Anaplasma phagocytophilum , cause disease in grazing livestock. Tick prophylaxis is, therefore, a routine practice in sheep flocks in Sweden, especially in central, southern, and coastal areas of the country where ixodid ticks ( Ixodes ricinus  and  Haemaphysalis punctata ) are present. In the present study, the status of infection by  A. phagocytophilum  and other TBPs in lambs treated with tick prophylaxis has been assessed serologically and with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood samples ( n  = 78) from lambs ( n  = 20) subjected to regular tick prophylactic treatment (flumethrin, Bayticol ® ) at two sites in different regions in Sweden (Östergötland, Gotland) were collected on four occasions from May until July 2013. The severity of clinical signs in  Anaplasma- infected animals is known to differ between these two regions. In total, 20% of blood samples were PCR-positive for  A. phagocytophilum . Serological analyses showed that 33% of all collected samples were positive for  A. phagocytophilum , while 2.5% were positive for  Borrelia burgdorferi  s.l. and 13% for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Percentages of lambs positive were 75 and 45% for  A. phagocytophilum  antibodies and DNA, respectively, while 10 and 45% were serologically positive for  B. burgdorferi  s.l. and TBEV, respectively. Sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes from  Anaplasma  PCR positive samples revealed presence of  A. phagocytophilum  in all animals in Östergötland, while sequences consistent with  A. phagocytophilum  as well as  A. capra  and  A. bovis  were found on the island of Gotland. This is the first report of the occurrence of the latter two species in Sweden.

Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Lambs Undergoing Prophylactic Treatment Against Ticks on Two Swedish Farms