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Swine are often asymptomatic carriers of  Salmonella  spp., and interventions are needed to limit colonization of swine to enhance food safety and reduce environmental contamination. We evaluated the attenuation and potential vaccine use in pigs of a  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium mutant of  rfaH , the gene encoding the RfaH antiterminator that prevents premature termination of long mRNA transcripts. Pigs inoculated with wild-type  S . Typhimurium exhibited a significant elevation in average body temperature (fever) at 1 and 2 days post-inoculation;  rfaH -inoculated pigs did not ( n  = 5/group). During the 7-day trial, a significant reduction of  Salmonella  in the feces, tonsils, and cecum were observed in the  rfaH -inoculated pigs compared to wild-type inoculated pigs. To determine whether vaccination with the  rfaH  mutant could provide protection against wild-type  S . Typhimurium challenge, two groups of pigs ( n  = 14/group) were intranasally inoculated with either the  rfaH  mutant or a PBS placebo at 6 and 8 weeks of age and challenged with the parental, wild-type  S . Typhimurium at 11 weeks of age. The average body temperature was significantly elevated in the mock-vaccinated pigs at 1 and 2 days post-challenge, but not in the  rfaH -vaccinated pigs. Fecal shedding at 2 and 3 days post-challenge and colonization of intestinal tract tissues at 7 days post-challenge by wild-type  S . Typhimurium was significantly reduced in the  rfaH -vaccinated pigs compared to mock-vaccinated pigs. Serological analysis using the IDEXX HerdChek Swine  Salmonella  Test Kit indicated that vaccination with the  rfaH  mutant did not stimulate an immune response against LPS. These results indicate that vaccination of swine with the attenuated  rfaH  mutant confers protection against challenge with virulent  S . Typhimurium but does not interfere with herd level monitoring for  Salmonella  spp., thereby allowing for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).

frontiers in veterinary science

An rfaH Mutant of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium is Attenuated in Swine and Reduces Intestinal Colonization, Fecal Shedding, and Disease Severity Due to Virulent Salmonella Typhimurium