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Submergence stress slows seed germination, imposes fatalities, and delays seedling establishment in rice. Seeds of submergence susceptible rice variety IR 42 were inoculated with four 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) utilizing isolates  viz., Bacillus  sp. (AR-ACC1),  Microbacterium  sp. (AR-ACC2),  Methylophaga  sp. (AR-ACC3), and  Paenibacillus  sp. (ANR-ACC3) and subjected to submergence stress under controlled conditions for 7 days. Seeds treated with  Microbacterium  sp. AR-ACC2,  Paenibacillus  sp. ANR-ACC3, and  Methylophaga  sp. AR-ACC3 significantly enhanced the germination percentage (GP), seedling vigor index (SVI), and other growth parameters like root and shoot length and total chlorophyll contents, when compared with nonbacterized seeds submerged similarly. However, the values were statistically at par when control seeds were treated with  l -α-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl) glycine hydrochloride (AVG), a known inhibitor of ethylene production. Results suggest that stress ethylene production was significantly reduced by around 85% in seedlings treated with  Microbacterium  sp. AR-ACC2 as compared with untreated control seeds under submergence.  Paenibacillus  sp. ANR-ACC3 and  Methylophaga  sp. AR-ACC3 were the next effective strains. Ethylene synthesis in seedlings was statistically at par with seeds treated with AVG suggesting ACC deaminase can effectively reduce ethylene levels in plants subjected to submergence.  Bacillus  sp. (AR-ACC1) was neither able to significantly promote seedling growth parameters nor inhibit ethylene production as compared with control seeds. Results suggest that flooded soil planted to rice harbor microorganisms with plant growth-promoting properties that can be used effectively to alleviate submergence stresses in susceptible rice varieties under field conditions.

Alleviation of Submergence Stress in Rice Seedlings by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria With ACC Deaminase Activity