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Converting poultry litter (PL) to biochar and applying the biochar to cropland as a soil amendment may be a best approach for recovering nutrients from solid biowastes while minimizing the nutrient runoff losses from the treated field. To evaluate the potential of PL-derived biochar as a slow-release phosphorus (P) fertilizer, the speciation, mobilitylability, and bioavailability of P in PL and the derived biochars were examined and compared. Raw PL and its derived biochars through 300–600°C slow pyrolysis were analyzed for total P (TP), inorganic P (IP), and organic P (OP) contents. The TP was fractionated into readily, generally, moderately, low, and non-labile pools by sequential extraction with different solutions. The TP was further assessed for bioavailability using batch extraction by water, Olsen, Bray-1, Mehlich-3, and 1 M HCl extractants. The P species in biochars were characterized using solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The results indicate that during pyrolysis OP in PL was transformed to IP and water-soluble P to low labile forms such as hydroxyapatite and oxyapatite especially during pyrolysis, initially to polyphosphate-P and subsequently to orthophosphate-P at higher temperature. Orthophosphate-P was the predominant form in biochar, with products from higher pyrolysis temperature demonstrating reduced labile P pools yet enlarged low to non-labile fractions. Bray-1 and Mehlich-3 were appropriate extractants for evaluating the immediate to medium-term available and the long-term available P in biochar, respectively. Converting PL to biochar through 450°C pyrolysis significantly reduced the water-soluble proportion and the lability of P but did not compromise the long-term P bioavailability, resulting in a P-enriched, slow release soil amendment that would minimize the P runoff risks following field application. The promising results need to be further validated in soil-biochar-plant systems.

Transformation of Phosphorus in Speciation and Bioavailability During Converting Poultry Litter to Biochar