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Purpose:  To analyze sex and age group differences in strength, jump, speed, flexibility, and endurance performances of TeamGym athletes.   Methods:  A total of 91 Swedish elite gymnasts (junior female,  n  = 26, age = 15.4 y; senior female,  n  = 23, age = 20.0 y; junior male,  n  = 19, age = 15.6 y; senior male,  n  = 23, age = 20.6 y) participated in three testing sessions on three separate days. These were: (1) a series of flexibility tests for the lower- and upper-body; (2) strength tests for the lower- and upper-body; and (3) various types of jumps, a 20-m sprint-run, and a 3,000-m run test.   Results:  Males were 24% stronger in the back squat one-repetition maximum (relative to body mass) compared to females ( P  < 0.001,  H   g   = 1.35). In the pull-ups and dips, 2.4 and 2.3 times more repetitions were completed by the males compared to the females (both  P  < 0.001, 0.70 ≤  R  ≤ 0.77). However, females were similarly strong as males in the hanging sit-ups test ( P  = 0.724). The males jumped 29, 34, 33, and 17% higher in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa), and drop jump (DJ), respectively, compared to the females (all  P  ≤ 0.002, 0.14 ≤η    p    2       ≤    0.60). In the 20-m sprint run, males were 4% faster than females ( P  < 0.001,  R  = 0.40). Moreover, the females had significantly better flexibility than the males in the trunk forward bending, front split, and side split tests (all  P  < 0.001, 0.24 ≤η    p    2≤ 0.54). In the 3,000-m run test, males were 11% faster than females ( P  < 0.001,η    p    2≤ 0.54). Compared to junior athletes, seniors performed better in the pull-ups, dips, SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (all  P  ≤ 0.012, 0.31 ≤  R  ≤ 0.56, 0.16 ≤η    p    2≤ 0.25), with separate within-sex age-group differences (i.e., juniors vs. seniors) that were significant for the males but not for the females in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (males: all  P  < 0.001, 0.67 ≤  R  ≤ 0.69, 1.37 ≤  H   g   ≤ 2.01; females: all  P  = 0.298–732).   Conclusions:  Large sex and age-group differences were observed for most physical performance metrics with specific within-sex age-group differences only observed for male athletes, with male seniors performing better than juniors in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests.

Sex and Age-Group Differences in Strength, Jump, Speed, Flexibility, and Endurance Performances of Swedish Elite Gymnasts Competing in TeamGym