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The evolution of electromagnetic (EM) solitons due to nonlinear coupling ofcircularly polarized intense laser pulses with low-frequency electron-acousticperturbations is studied in relativistic degenerate dense astrophysical plasmaswith two groups of electrons: a sparse population of classical relativisticelectrons and a dense population of relativistic degenerate electron gas.Different forms of localized stationary solutions are obtained and theirproperties are analyzed. Using the Vakhitov-Kolokolov stability criterion, theconditions for the existence and stability of a moving EM soliton are alsostudied. It is noted that the stable and unstable regions shift around theplane of soliton eigenfrequency and the soliton velocity due to the effects ofrelativistic degeneracy, the fraction of classical to degenerate electrons andthe EM wave frequency. Furthermore, while the standing solitons exhibit stableprofiles for a longer time, the moving solitons, however, can be stable orunstable depending on the degree of electron degeneracy, the solitoneigenfrequency and the soliton velocity. The latter with an enhanced value caneventually lead to a soliton collapse. The results should be useful forunderstanding the formation of solitons in the coupling of highly intense laserpulses with slow response of degenerate dense plasmas in the next generationlaser-plasma interaction experiments as well as the novel features of $x$-rayand $\gamma$-ray pulses that originate from compact astrophysical objects.

frontiers in astronomy and space sciences

Stability of electromagnetic solitons]{Electromagnetic solitons and  their stability in relativistic degenerate dense plasmas with two electron  species