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Four bacterial strains were isolated from enrichment cultures inoculated with soil from Bien Hoa military base in Vietnam contaminated with the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T). They were classified as  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  BT1 2.2,  Sphingomonas histidinilytica  BT1 5.2,  Bordetella petrii  BT1 9.2, and  Achromobacter xylosoxidans  BT1 10.2. All four were able to degrade 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, but only the last three species used them as the sole sources of carbon and energy. Mass balance analyses suggest that between 33 and 46% of the carbon in the herbicides is incorporated into dry weight (DW). We obtained insight into their degradation pathways by the genomic analysis of these strains. A  tfdCDEF  gene cluster was found in  A. xylosoxidans  BT1 10.2 with amino acid sequences of their gene products showing high identity to those in  B. petrii  DSM12804.  Bordetella petrii  BT1 9.2 has a full complement of the  tfdABCDEF  genes. Surprisingly, the gene organization along with the amino acid sequences of the gene products are virtually identical to those of  Cupriavidus pinatubonensis  JMP134, referred to as type I  tfd  genes, and different from those of  A. xylosoxidans  BT1 10.2 and  B. petrii  DSM12804. We hypothesize that some of the genetic potential to degrade the herbicides has been recruited in recent mating events between these species and other members of the proteobacteria. This is the first report showing that  B. petrii  BT1 9.2 emerges as a key player in the degradation of 2,4-D.

Species and Metabolic Pathways Involved in Bioremediation of Vietnamese Soil From Bien Hoa Airbase Contaminated With Herbicides