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Objectives  This paper aims to explore the direct associations of antibiotics prescription with clinical diagnosis and bacterial detection. It also analyses the relations of clinical diagnosis with symptoms and bacterial detection, with a hope of revealing indirect links to antibiotic prescription.    Methods  The study was implemented in one village clinic and one township health center in each of four rural residential areas in Anhui Province, China. Observations were conducted to record clinical diagnosis and antibiotic prescription. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was used to collected patients' sociodemographic information and reported symptoms. Sputum and throat swabs were collected for bacterial culture.    Results  Among 1,068 patients presenting in the study settings who received a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection (RTI), 87.8% of prescriptions included an antibiotic and 35.8% included two or more antibiotics. Symptomatic RTI patients to the site clinics were diagnosed mainly as having upper respiratory tract infection (32.0%), bronchitis/tracheitis (23.4%), others (16.6%), pharyngitis (11.1%), common cold (8.0%), pneumonia/bronchopneumonia (4.6%) and tonsillitis (4.3%). These clinical diagnosis were associated with symptoms to a varied degree especially for upper respiratory tract infection and bronchitis/tracheitis. Prescription of any antibiotics was positively associated with diagnosis of bronchitis/tracheitis (OR: 5.00, 95% CI: 2.63–9.51), tonsillitis (OR: 4.63, 95% CI: 1.48–14.46), pneumonia/bronchopneumonia (OR: 4.28, 95% CI: 1.40–13.04), pharyngitis (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.57–6.59) and upper respiratory tract infection (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.75–5.27). Prescription of two or more antibiotics was statistically significant related to diagnosis of bronchitis/ tracheitis (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.44–3.35) or tonsillitis (OR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.47–6.00). About 30% of the patients were identified with some type of bacteria. Bacteria detection was linked with pharyngitis (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.88) but not prescription of antibiotics.    Conclusions  Antibiotics prescription were found with a strong relation to diagnosis of RTIs given by the clinician but was not associated with the presence of bacteria in patient samples. Part of the diagnosis may have been given by the clinician to justify their antibiotics prescription. There is clear need to use additional measures (e.g., symptoms) in conjunction with diagnosis to supervise or audit excessive antibiotics use.

frontiers in public health

Relationships Between Diagnosis, Bacterial Isolation, and Antibiotic Prescription in Out Patients With Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Rural Anhui, China