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Background:  Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is one of the most common outdoor air pollutants, and secondhand smoking (SHS) is an important source of inhalable indoor air pollution. Previous studies were controversial and inconsistent about PM 2.5  and SHS air pollutants on neonatal birth weight outcomes, and no studies assessed the potential interactive effects between PM 2.5  and SHS on birth weight outcomes.   Purpose:  To investigate the interaction between gestational PM 2.5  and SHS air pollution exposure on the risk of macrosomia among pregnant women and examine the modifying effect of SHS exposure on the association of PM 2.5  air pollution and birth weight outcomes during pregnancy.   Methods:  Research data were derived from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP), which lasted 3 years from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012. At least 240,000 Chinese women from 220 counties were enrolled in this project. PM 2.5  exposure concentration was obtained using a hindcast model specific for historical PM 2.5  estimation from satellite-retrieved aerosol optic depth. Different interaction models about air pollution exposure on birth weight outcomes were established, according to the adjustment of different confounding factors and different pregnancy stages. The establishment of interaction models was based on multivariable logistic regression, and the main confounding factors were maternal age at delivery and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of participants. SHS subgroups analysis was conducted to further confirm the results of interaction models.   Results:  In total, 197,877 participants were included in our study. In the full-adjusted interaction model, maternal exposure to PM 2.5  was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia in whole, the first-, second-, and third trimesters of pregnancy ( p  < 0.001). The interactive effect was statistically significant between maternal exposure to PM 2.5  and SHS on the risk of macrosomia in the whole (interaction  p  < 0.050) and the first-trimester pregnancy (interaction  p  < 0.050), not in the second (interaction  p  > 0.050) or third trimester (interaction  p  > 0.050) of pregnancy. The higher frequency of SHS exposure prompted the stronger interaction between the two air pollutants in the whole pregnancy and the first-trimester pregnancy.   Conclusions:  In the whole and first-trimester pregnancy, maternal exposure to SHS during pregnancy enhanced the risk of macrosomia among pregnant women exposed to PM 2.5  air pollutants, and the interaction became stronger with the higher frequency of SHS exposure.

frontiers in public health

Maternal Secondhand Smoke Exposure Enhances Macrosomia Risk Among Pregnant Women Exposed to PM2.5: A New Interaction of Two Air Pollutants in a Nationwide Cohort