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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most important health problem in the city of Bushehr, southwestern Iran. The objective of the study was to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in the city during 2010–2011. Sand flies were collected monthly from outdoors and indoors by sticky traps at four selected districts of the city. They were also dissected and examined by nested-PCR for identification of the parasite during August–September of 2011. A total of 1234 adult sand flies were collected and 6 species including 3 of Genus  Phlebotomus  and 3 of Genus  Sergentomyia  were identified. Four species including  P. papatasi  (3.98%),  P. sergenti  (1.14%),  S. tiberiadis  (87.18%), and  S. baghdadis  (7.7%) were found indoors. Six species including  P. papatasi  (3.47%),  P. sergenti  (3.17%),  P. alexandri  (0.1%),  S. tiberiadis  (77.74%),  S. baghdadis  (15.41%), and one female of  S. clydei  (0.11%) were collected from outdoors. Sand flies started to appear from March and disappear at the end of January. There was only one peak in the density curve in July. The study revealed that  S. tiberiadis  and  S. baghdadis  could enter indoors which 89 and 81.8% of them were found blood-fed, respectively. Moreover,  P. papatasi ,  S. tiberiadis , and  S. baghdadis  were active indoors and outdoors in most months of the year. Nested-PCR of  P. papatasi  females was positive against kinetoplast DNA of  L. major  and  L. turanica  and also mixed natural infections were found by  L. gerbilli  and  L. turanica . Moreover, mixed infections by  L. major  and  L. turanica  were observed in this species.  Sergentomyia clydei  and  S. tiberiadis  were found to be negative to any DNA of  Leishmania  species.  Phlebotomus sergenti  females were found infected with DNA of  L. turanica  and this is the first report of natural infection and detection of the parasite from this sand fly species in worldwide.

Epidemiological Study on Sand Flies in an Endemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Bushehr City, Southwestern Iran