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The retrieval of memories previously associated with a drug of abuse may increase the risk of relapse, even several years after abstinence (1). Similarly, memories associated to a traumatic event may cause an emotional disorder such as the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent neuroscience research has shown that memory retrieval induces a transient state during which memories are reactivated and then updated, modified, or even deleted (2). This transient process is called reconsolidation (3). Although the therapeutic potential of the manipulation of reconsolidation was raised only recently, the possibility to modify reactivated memories is somehow already applied in clinical interventions for substance use disorders (SUD) and PTSD.  Besides the forward translation from basic research to the clinic, there is now the opportunity to apply a “reverse engineering” approach from the complexity of the clinical setting to the underlying processes and mechanisms (4). This approach may make possible to better understand the efficacy of current clinical interventions by offering a conceptual framework for enabling potential implementation.  In this paper, we summarize the pre-clinical research evidence on the reconsolidation of emotional and appetitive memories. Then, we describe those human laboratory studies that demonstrated the possibility to interfere with memory reconsolidation. We also describe current clinical interventions for SUD and PTSD that act on memory processes and, finally, we report about on-going therapeutic experiences.

Reconsolidation of Maladaptive Memories as a Therapeutic Target: Pre-Clinical Data and Clinical Approaches