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Cognitive biases can lead to misinterpretations of human and non-human biology and behavior. The concept of the  Umwelt  describes phylogenetic contrasts in the sensory realms of different species and has important implications for evolutionary studies of cognition (including biases) and social behavior. It has recently been suggested that the microbiome (the diverse network of microorganisms in a given environment, including those within a host organism such as humans) has an influential role in host behavior and health. In this paper, we discuss the host’s microbiome in relation to cognitive biases and the concept of the  Umwelt . Failing to consider the role of host–microbiome (collectively termed a “ holobiont” ) interactions in a given behavior, may underpin a potentially important cognitive bias – which we refer to as the  Holobiont Blindspot . We also suggest that microbially mediated behavioral responses could augment our understanding of the  Umwelt . For example, the potential role of the microbiome in perception and action could be an important component of the system that gives rise to the  Umwelt . We also discuss whether microbial symbionts could be considered in System 1 thinking – that is, decisions driven by perception, intuition and associative memory. Recognizing  Holobiont Blindspots  and considering the microbiome as a key factor in the  Umwelt  and System 1 thinking has the potential to advance studies of cognition. Furthermore, investigating  Holobiont Blindspots  could have important implications for our understanding of social behaviors and mental health. Indeed, the way we think about  how  we think may need to be revisited.

The Holobiont Blindspot: Relating Host-Microbiome Interactions to Cognitive Biases and the Concept of the “Umwelt”