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Cognitive diagnosis assessment (CDA) can be regarded as a kind of formative assessments because it is intended to promote assessment for learning and modify instruction and learning in classrooms by providing the formative diagnostic information about students' cognitive strengths and weaknesses. CDA has two phases, like a statistical pattern recognition. The first phase is feature generation, followed by classification stage. A Q-matrix, which describes the relationship between items and latent skills, corresponds to the feature generation phase in statistical pattern recognition. Feature generation is of paramount importance in any pattern recognition task. In practice, the Q-matrix is difficult to specify correctly in cognitive diagnosis and misspecification of the Q-matrix can seriously affect the accuracy of the classification of examinees. Based on the fact that any columns of a reduced Q-matrix can be expressed by the columns of a reachability R matrix under the logical OR operation, a semi-supervised learning approach and an optimal design for examinee sampling were proposed for Q-matrix specification under the conjunctive and disjunctive model with independent structure. This method only required subject matter experts specifying a R matrix corresponding to a small part of test items for the independent structure in which the R matrix is an identity matrix. Simulation and real data analysis showed that the new method with the optimal design is promising in terms of correct recovery rates of q-entries.

A Semi-supervised Learning Method for Q-Matrix Specification Under the DINA and DINO Model With Independent Structure