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A range of different effects from the original study can be considered for estimating an optimal sample size for a direct replication of Desender et al. (2014). These effects comprise the threeway interaction of current congruency, preceding congruency, and accuracy of the preceding rating for reaction times (RTs; dz = 0.30) and error percentages (PEs; dz = 0.47), and the robust congruency sequence effects after correct conflict ratings (RTs: dz = 0.45; PEs: dz = 0.45). Effect sizes were computed from the corresponding F-statistics and we chose to base our sample size on the lowest of these values (dz = 0.30). A sample size of 89 participants ensures a power of 80% to detect such an effect in a two-tailed test (with α = 5%; calculated with the power.t.test function in R3.1.0). This sample size also allows for sufficient power (> 90%) for the stronger effects even after a high expected dropout rate of 40% following the criteria of the original study. Three participants had to be excluded as their median RT exceeded the sample mean by two SDs. The remaining 86 participants (19 male) met the accuracy inclusion criterion (less than 25% errors; see below for exclusions based on trial numbers).

Commentary: Feeling the Conflict: The Crucial Role of Conflict Experience in Adaptation