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Suzuki et al. (2016) report a remarkable discovery: the first evidence of a combinatorial syntax and semantics in non-humans; specifically, Japanese great tits. However, remarkable discoveries require remarkable evidence. Their data provide impressive support for a compositional syntax. Yet, evidence for compositionality is not necessarily evidence for one of the hallmarks of human language and thought: systematicity—a structural equivalence relation over cognitive capacities (Fodor and Pylyshyn, 1988). Some versions of compositionality support systematicity and some do not (Aizawa, 2003; Phillips and Wilson, 2010). We surmise that the question remains open as to whether the version of compositionality that is evident in the bird calls study does indeed support systematicity. Drawing on a theory of systematicity (Phillips and Wilson, 2010) we derive testable criteria for systematicity in the context of bird calls. These criteria must be met before claims of human-like compositional syntax in non-humans could be justified.

Commentary: Experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls