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Plant and fruit surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and provide a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticle wax consists of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ( KCS ) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of VLCFAs and provides a precursor for the synthesis of cuticle wax, but the  KCS  gene family was yet to be reported in the passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis ). In this study, thirty-two  KCS  genes were identified in the passion fruit genome and phylogenetically grouped as  KCS1 -like,  FAE1 -like,  FDH -like, and  CER6 -like. Furthermore, thirty-one  PeKCS  genes were positioned on seven chromosomes, while one  PeKCS  was localized to the unassembled genomic scaffold. The  cis -element analysis provides insight into the possible role of  PeKCS  genes in phytohormones and stress responses. Syntenic analysis revealed that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the  PeKCS  gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. All PeKCS proteins shared similar 3D structures, and a protein–protein interaction network was predicted with known  Arabidopsis  proteins. There were twenty putative ped-miRNAs which were also predicted that belong to nine families targeting thirteen  PeKCS  genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation results were highly associated with fatty acid synthase and elongase activity, lipid metabolism, stress responses, and plant-pathogen interaction. The highly enriched transcription factors (TFs) including ERF, MYB, Dof, C2H2, TCP, LBD, NAC, and bHLH were predicted in  PeKCS  genes. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed that most  PeKCS  genes were highly upregulated in leaves including  PeKCS2, PeKCS4, PeKCS8, PeKCS13 , and  PeKCS9  but not in stem and roots tissues under drought stress conditions compared with controls. Notably, most  PeKCS  genes were upregulated at 9th dpi under  Fusarium kyushuense  biotic stress condition compared to controls. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of  KCS  genes, improving wax and VLCFA biosynthesis, and improvement of passion fruit resistance.

frontiers in plant science

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of KCS Gene Family in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions