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Detached organs or differentiated tissues could form a mass of pluripotent cells termed as callus on an auxin-rich medium, the underlying molecular mechanism of which remains elusive in cotton. LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factor is a key regulator of plant cell totipotency/pluripotency, and a number of cotton  GhLBDs  with high-level differential expression during the callus induction process have been identified. Their overexpression in cotton calli fostered promotions in and callus induction without exogenous auxin. Expression analysis and histological observation using paraffin sectioning suggested that the first 72 h on culture is a key time point for callus initiation, whereby the  GhLBDs  showed high transcript abundance and enlarged calli that were rapidly developed from procambium and cambium.  GhLBDs’  expression level could be precisely modulated by the gradient concentrations of exogenous auxin, whereas auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid could severely inhibit its expression. The LBD-mediated callus formation was also dependent on the expression levels of  GhLBDs . Further, a β-estradiol-inducible promoter  pER8  was used to drive  GhLBD18-1  expression, which led to rapid callus proliferation, suggesting that  pER8 / GhLBD18-1  could be used as a selectable marker system to replace the existing antibiotic/herbicide-resistance selectable markers in plant transformation. Our study provides new insights for callus initiation regulatory mechanism and strategies for improving transformation efficiency in cotton.

GhLBDs Promote Callus Initiation and Act as Selectable Markers to Increase Transformation Efficiency