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Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous proteins present in all organisms. The sHSPs are not only upregulated under heat shock as well as other stresses but also are expressed in unstressed cells, indicating quite diverse functions of sHSPs. However, there is little known about the role of sHSPs in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. In this study, we cloned a candidate protein of sHSP, GmHSP17.1, from proteome of nodule and analyzed its function in soybean nodulation. We found that GmHSP17.1 was a cytosolic protein and preferentially expressed during nodule development. An overexpression of  GmHSP17.1  in composite transgenic plants showed increases in nodule number, fresh weight, nodule size, area of infection cells, and nitrogenase activity, and subsequently promoted the content of nitrogen and growth of soybean plants. While  GmHSP17.1  RNA interference (RNAi) lines showed significantly impaired nodule development and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), GmRIP1 was identified as the first potential target of GmHSP17.1, and was shown to be specifically expressed in soybean nodules. The interaction between GmHSP17.1 and GmRIP1 was further confirmed by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)  in vivo  and pull-down assay  in vitro . Furthermore, peroxidase activity was markedly increased in  GmHSP17.1  overexpressed nodules and decreased in RNAi lines. As a result, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content greatly decreased in  GmHSP17.1  overexpression lines and increased in suppression lines. Taken together, we conclude that GmHSP17.1 plays an important role in soybean nodulation through interacting with GmRIP1. Our results provide foundation for studying the mechanism of nitrogen fixation and for the genetics improvement of legume plants.

A Nodule-Localized Small Heat Shock Protein GmHSP17.1 Confers Nodule Development and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean