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The common ice plant,  Mesembryanthemum crystallinum  L., has recently been found as a good candidate for phytoremediation of heavy-metal polluted soils. This semi-halophyte is a C 3 /CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) intermediate plant capable of tolerating extreme levels of cadmium in the soil. The aim of the work was to obtain and characterize novel, Cd-tolerant microbial strains that populate the root zone of  M. crystallinum  performing different types of photosynthetic metabolism and growing in Cd-contaminated substrates. The plants exhibiting either C 3  or CAM photosynthesis were treated for 8 days with different CdCl 2  doses to obtain final Cd concentrations ranging from 0.82 to 818 mg⋅kg –1  of soil d.w. The CAM phase was induced by highly saline conditions. After treatment, eighteen bacterial and three yeast strains were isolated from the rhizosphere and, after preliminary Cd-resistance  in vitro  test, five bacterial strains were selected and identified with a molecular proteomics technique. Two strains of the species  Providencia rettgeri  (W6 and W7) were obtained from the C 3  phase and three (one  Paenibacillus glucanolyticus  S7 and two  Rhodococcus erythropolis  strains: S4 and S10) from the CAM performing plants. The isolates were further tested for Cd-resistance (treatment with either 1 mM or 10 mM CdCl 2 ) and salinity tolerance (0.5 M NaCl) in model liquid cultures (incubation for 14 days).  Providencia rettgeri  W7 culture remained fully viable at 1 mM Cd, whereas  Rh. erythropolis  S4 and S10 together with  P. glucanolyticus  S7 were found to be resistant to 10 mM Cd in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. It is suggested that the high tolerance of the common ice plant toward cadmium may result from the synergic action of the plant together with the Cd/salt-resistant strains occurring within rhizospheral microbiota. Moreover, the isolated bacteria appear as promising robust microorganisms for biotechnological applications in bio- and phytoremediation projects.

frontiers in plant science

Cadmium-Tolerant Rhizospheric Bacteria of the C3/CAM Intermediate Semi-Halophytic Common Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) Grown in Contaminated Soils