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The calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling is a crucial event during plant-herbivore interaction, which involves a transient change in cytosolic Ca 2+  concentration, which is sensed by Ca 2+ -sensors, and the received message is transduced to downstream target proteins leading to appropriate defense response. Calmodulin-like proteins ( CMLs ) are calcium-sensing plant-specific proteins. Although  CMLs  have been identified in a few plants, they remained uncharacterized in leguminous crop plants. Therefore, a wide-range analysis of  CMLs  of soybean was performed, which identified 41 true CMLs with greater than 50% similarity with  Arabidopsis CMLs . The phylogenetic study revealed their evolutionary relatedness with known  CMLs . Further, the identification of conserved motifs, gene structure analysis, and identification of  cis -acting elements strongly supported their identity as members of this family and their involvement in stress responses. Only a few  Glycine max CMLs (GmCMLs)  exhibited differential expression in different tissue types, and rest of them had minimal expression. Additionally, differential expression patterns of  GmCMLs  were observed during  Spodoptera litura -feeding, wounding, and signaling compound treatments, indicating their role in plant defense. The three-dimensional structure prediction, identification of interactive domains, and docking with Ca 2+  ions of  S. litura -inducible GmCMLs, indicated their identity as calcium sensors. This study on the characterization of  GmCMLs  provided insights into their roles in calcium signaling and plant defense during herbivory.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Calmodulin-Like Proteins of Glycine max Indicates Their Role in Calcium Signaling and Plant Defense Against Insect Attack