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In plants, the key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis is 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS), which catalyzes  S -adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to ACC, the precursor of ethylene. Ethylene binds to its receptors, such as ethylene response 1 (ETR1), to switch on ethylene signal transduction. To understand the function of  ACS  and  ETR1  in orchids,  Oncidium ACC synthase 12  ( OnACS12 ) and  Oncidium ETR1  ( OnETR1 ) from  Oncidium  Gower Ramsey were functionally analyzed in  Arabidopsis . 35S:: OnACS12  caused late flowering and anther indehiscence phenotypes due to its effect on GA–DELLA signaling pathways. 35S:: OnACS12  repressed GA biosynthesis genes ( CPS ,  KS , and  GA3ox1 ), which caused the upregulation of DELLA [ GA-INSENSITIVE  ( GAI ),  RGA-LIKE1  ( RGL1 ), and  RGL2 ] expression. The increase in DELLAs not only suppressed  LEAFY  ( LFY ) expression and caused late flowering but also repressed the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis gene  DAD1  and caused anther indehiscence by downregulating the endothecium-thickening-related genes  MYB26 ,  NST1 , and  NST2 . The ectopic expression of an  OnETR1  dominant-negative mutation ( OnETR1-C65Y ) caused both ethylene and JA insensitivity in  Arabidopsis . 35S:: OnETR1-C65Y  delayed flower/leaf senescence by suppressing downstream genes in ethylene signaling, including  EDF1-4  and  ERF1 , and in JA signaling, including  MYC2  and  WRKY33 . JA signaling repression also resulted in indehiscent anthers  via  the downregulation of  MYB26 ,  NST1 ,  NST2 , and  MYB85 . These results not only provide new insight into the functions of  ACS  and  ETR1  orthologs but also uncover their functional interactions with other hormone signaling pathways, such as GA–DELLA and JA, in plants.

frontiers in plant science

The Oncidium Ethylene Synthesis Gene Oncidium 1-Aminocyclopropane-1 Carboxylic Acid Synthase 12 and Ethylene Receptor Gene Oncidium ETR1 Affect GA–DELLA and Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Regulating Flowering Time, Anther Dehiscence, and Flower Senescence in Arabidopsis