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A methanesulfonate-generated mutant has been identified in  Cucurbita pepo  that alters sex determination. The mutation converts female into hermaphrodite flowers and disrupts the growth rate and maturation of petals and carpels, delaying female flower opening, and promoting the growth rate of ovaries and the parthenocarpic development of the fruit. Whole-genome resequencing allowed identification of the causal mutation of the phenotypes as a missense mutation in the coding region of  CpACO1A , which encodes for a type I ACO enzyme that shares a high identity with  Cucumis sativus  CsACO3 and  Cucumis melo  CmACO1. The so-called  aco1a  reduced ACO1 activity and ethylene production in the different organs where the gene is expressed, and reduced ethylene sensitivity in flowers. Other sex-determining genes, such as  CpACO2B ,  CpACS11A , and  CpACS27A , were differentially expressed in the mutant, indicating that ethylene provided by CpACO1A but also the transcriptional regulation of  CpACO1A ,  CpACO2B ,  CpACS11A , and  CpACS27A  are responsible for determining the fate of the floral meristem toward a female flower, promoting the development of carpels and arresting the development of stamens. The positive regulation of ethylene on petal maturation and flower opening can be mediated by inducing the biosynthesis of JA, while its negative control on ovary growth and fruit set could be mediated by its repressive effect on IAA biosynthesis.

The Ethylene Biosynthesis Gene CpACO1A: A New Player in the Regulation of Sex Determination and Female Flower Development in Cucurbita pepo