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Medicago sativa  (also known as alfalfa), a forage legume, is widely cultivated due to its high yield and high-value hay crop production. Infectious diseases are a major threat to the crops, owing to huge economic losses to the agriculture industry, worldwide. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the pathogens and their hosts play a critical role in understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis.  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  syringae  ALF3 suppresses the plant’s innate immune response by secreting type III effector proteins into the host cell, causing bacterial stem blight in alfalfa. The alfalfa- P. syringae  system has little information available for PPIs. Thus, to understand the infection mechanism, we elucidated the genome-scale host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) between alfalfa and  P. syringae  using two computational approaches: interolog-based and domain-based method. A total of ∼14 M putative PPIs were predicted between 50,629 alfalfa proteins and 2,932  P. syringae  proteins by combining these approaches. Additionally, ∼0.7 M consensus PPIs were also predicted. The functional analysis revealed that  P. syringae  proteins are highly involved in nucleotide binding activity (GO:0000166), intracellular organelle (GO:0043229), and translation (GO:0006412) while alfalfa proteins are involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus (GO:0070887), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016614), and Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794). According to subcellular localization predictions, most of the pathogen proteins targeted host proteins within the cytoplasm and nucleus. In addition, we discovered a slew of new virulence effectors in the predicted HPIs. The current research describes an integrated approach for deciphering genome-scale host-pathogen PPIs between alfalfa and  P. syringae , allowing the researchers to better understand the pathogen’s infection mechanism and develop pathogen-resistant lines.

frontiers in plant science

Computational Systems Biology of Alfalfa – Bacterial Blight Host-Pathogen Interactions: Uncovering the Complex Molecular Networks for Developing Durable Disease Resistant Crop