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Artemisia argyi  is widely distributed in Asia, and it often becomes the dominant population in the field because of its strong ecological niche competitiveness. Allelochemicals secreted by plants are generally considered an important reason for their dominance in ecological competition. In this study, the allelochemicals in  A. argyi  were screened by a series of experiments and their mechanisms were explored via transcriptomics. First, the inhibitory effects of  A. argyi  on  Echinochloa crusgalli ,  Setaria viridis ,  Portulaca oleracea  and  Amaranthus retroflexus  were evaluated. Then, we carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of  A. argyi  to screen for potential allelochemicals that can inhibit weed growth. Four potential allelochemicals were quantified: neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), and caffeic acid (CA). Coincidentally, their allelopathic effects on weeds seemed to be identical to their content, in the order CA&amp;gt;4−CQA&amp;gt;5−CQA&amp;gt;3-CQA. These findings suggested that CA might be the main allelopathic compound in the aqueous extract of  A. argyi . Subsequently, the allelopathic effect and molecular mechanism of CA on  S. viridis  leaves were investigated. The physiological results showed that CA significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, led to malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and disrupted enzyme activities (POD, SOD, CAT) in  S. viridis  leaves. Moreover, transcriptome results revealed that CA inhibited  S. viridis  growth by downregulating multiple genes involved in gibberellin (GA) and phytoalexin biosynthesis and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of phytohormones were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR). Taken together, this study may be the first to identify allelochemicals and explore their molecular mechanism about  A. argyi . Importantly, the ecological advantages of  A. argyi  could be applied to ecological regulation and the development of botanical herbicides.

frontiers in plant science

Caffeic Acid, an Allelochemical in Artemisia argyi, Inhibits Weed Growth via Suppression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Biosynthesis of Gibberellin and Phytoalexin