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Calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling in plant cells is an essential and early event during plant-microbe interactions. The recognition of microbe-derived molecules activates Ca 2+  channels or Ca 2+  pumps that trigger a transient increase in Ca 2+  in the cytoplasm. The Ca 2+  binding proteins (such as CBL, CPK, CaM, and CML), known as Ca 2+  sensors, relay the Ca 2+  signal into down-stream signaling events, e.g., activating transcription factors in the nucleus. For example, CaM and CML decode the Ca 2+  signals to the CaM/CML-binding protein, especially CaM-binding transcription factors (AtSRs/CAMTAs), to induce the expressions of immune-related genes. In this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in down-stream Ca 2+  signaling as a dynamic process, subjected to continuous variation and gradual change. AtSR1/CAMTA3 is a CaM-mediated transcription factor that represses plant immunity in non-stressful environments. Stress-triggered Ca 2+  spikes impact the Ca 2+ -CaM-AtSR1 complex to control plant immune response. We also discuss other regulatory mechanisms in which Ca 2+  signaling activates CPKs and MAPKs cascades followed by regulating the function of AtSR1 by changing its stability, phosphorylation status, and subcellular localization during plant defense.

Calcium/Calmodulin-Mediated Defense Signaling: What Is Looming on the Horizon for AtSR1/CAMTA3-Mediated Signaling in Plant Immunity