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Evaluating the impact of increasing CO 2  on rice quality is becoming a global concern. However, whether adjusting the source-sink ratio will affect the response of rice grain quality to elevated CO 2  concentrations remains unknown. In 2016–2018, we conducted a free-air CO 2  enrichment experiment using a popular  japonica  cultivar grown at ambient and elevated CO 2  levels (eCO 2 , increased by 200 ppm), reducing the source-sink ratio  via  cutting leaves (LC) at the heading stage, to investigate the effects of eCO 2  and LC and their interactions on rice processing, appearance, nutrition, and eating quality. Averaged across 3 years, eCO 2  significantly decreased brown rice percentage (−0.5%), milled rice percentage (−2.1%), and head rice percentage (−4.2%) but increased chalky grain percentage (+ 22.3%) and chalkiness degree (+ 26.3%). Markedly, eCO 2  increased peak viscosity (+ 2.9%) and minimum viscosity (+ 3.8%) but decreased setback (−96.1%) of powder rice and increased the appearance (+ 4.5%), stickiness (+ 3.5%) and balance degree (+ 4.8%) of cooked rice, while decreasing the hardness (−6.7%), resulting in better palatability (+ 4.0%). Further, eCO 2  significantly decreased the concentrations of protein, Ca, S, and Cu by 5.3, 4.7, 2.2, and 9.6%, respectively, but increased K concentration by 3.9%. Responses of nutritional quality in different grain positions (brown and milled rice) to eCO 2  showed the same trend. Compared with control treatment, LC significantly increased chalky grain percentage, chalkiness degree, protein concentration, mineral element levels (except for B and Mn), and phytic acid concentration. Our results indicate that eCO 2  reduced rice processing suitability, appearance, and nutritional quality but improved the eating quality. Rice quality varied significantly among years; however, few CO 2  by year, CO 2  by LC, or CO 2  by grain position interactions were detected, indicating that the effects of eCO 2  on rice quality varied little with the growing seasons, the decrease in the source-sink ratios or the different grain positions.

Impact of Elevated CO2 and Reducing the Source-Sink Ratio by Partial Defoliation on Rice Grain Quality – A 3-Year Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Study