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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of somatic cells that dedifferentiate to totipotent embryonic stem cells and generate embryos  in vitro . Despite recent scientific headway in deciphering the difficulties of somatic embryogenesis, the overall picture of key genes, pathways, and co-expression networks regulating SE is still fragmented. Therefore, deciphering the molecular basis of somatic embryogenesis of hybrid sweetgum remains pertinent. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles and gene expression regulation changes via RNA sequencing from three distinct developmental stages of hybrid sweetgum: non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), and redifferentiation. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that 19,957 genes were differentially expressed in ten pairwise comparisons of SE. Among these, plant hormone signaling-related genes, especially the auxin and cytokinin signaling components, were significantly enriched in NEC and EC early. The K-means method was used to identify multiple transcription factors, including  HB-WOX, B3-ARF, AP2/ERF , and  GRFs  (growth regulating factors). These transcription factors showed distinct stage- or tissue-specific expression patterns mirroring each of the 12 superclusters to which they belonged. For example, the  WOX  transcription factor family was expressed only at NEC and EC stages,  ARF  transcription factor was expressed in EC early, and  GRFs  was expressed in late SE. It was noteworthy that the  AP2/ERF  transcription factor family was expressed during the whole SE process, but almost not in roots, stems and leaves. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used in conjunction with the gene expression profiles to recognize the genes and modules that may associate with specific tissues and stages. We constructed co-expression networks and revealed 22 gene modules. Four of these modules with properties relating to embryonic potential, early somatic embryogenesis, and somatic embryo development, as well as some hub genes, were identified for further functional studied. Through a combination analysis of WGCNA and K-means, SE-related genes including  AUX22, ABI3, ARF3, ARF5, AIL1, AIL5, AGL15, WOX11, WOX9, IAA29, BBM1, MYB36, LEA6, SMR4  and others were obtained, indicating that these genes play an important role in the processes underlying the progression from EC to somatic embryos (SEs) morphogenesis. The transcriptome information provided here will form the foundation for future research on genetic transformation and epigenetic control of plant embryogenesis at a molecular level. In follow-up studies, these data could be used to construct a regulatory network for SE; Key genes obtained from coexpression network analysis at each critical stage of somatic embryo can be considered as potential candidate genes to verify these networks.

frontiers in plant science

Global Transcriptome and Coexpression Network Analyses Reveal New Insights Into Somatic Embryogenesis in Hybrid Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua × Liquidambar formosana)