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Root rot, mainly caused by  Fusarium oxysporum , is the most destructive disease affecting lily ( Lilium  spp.) production. The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have important roles during plant immune responses. To clarify the effects of WRKY TFs on plant defense responses to pathogens, a WRKY gene ( LrWRKY2 ) was isolated from  Lilium regale  Wilson, which is a wild lily species highly resistant to  F. oxysporum . The expression of  LrWRKY2 , which encodes a nuclear protein, is induced by various hormones (methyl jasmonate, ethephon, salicylic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) and by  F. oxysporum  infection. In this study,  LrWRKY2 -overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants were more resistant to  F. oxysporum  than the wild-type plants. Moreover, the expression levels of jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway-related genes ( NtAOC, NtAOS, NtKAT, NtPACX, NtJMT, NtOPR , and  NtLOX ), pathogenesis-related genes ( NtCHI, NtGlu2 , and  NtPR-1 ), and antioxidant stress-related superoxide dismutase genes ( NtSOD, NtCu-ZnSOD , and  MnSOD ) were significantly up-regulated in  LrWRKY2  transgenic tobacco lines. Additionally, the transient expression of a hairpin RNA targeting  LrWRKY2  increased the susceptibility of  L. regale  scales to  F. oxysporum . Furthermore, an  F. oxysporum  resistance gene ( LrCHI2 ) encoding a chitinase was isolated from  L. regale . An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that LrWRKY2 can bind to the  LrCHI2  promoter containing the W-box element. Yeast one-hybrid assay results suggested that LrWRKY2 can activate  LrCHI2  transcription. An examination of transgenic tobacco transformed with  LrWRKY2  and the  LrCHI2  promoter revealed that LrWRKY2 activates the  LrCHI2  promoter. Therefore, in  L. regale , LrWRKY2 is an important positive regulator that contributes to plant defense responses to  F. oxysporum  by modulating  LrCHI2  expression.

Lilium regale Wilson WRKY2 Regulates Chitinase Gene Expression During the Response to the Root Rot Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum