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A phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle at tyrosine 428 of CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CERK1) plays an essential role in chitin triggered immunity in  Arabidopsis thaliana . In this study, we used a differential peptide pull-down (PPD) assay to identify factors that could participate downstream of this cycle. We identified ZYGOTIC ARREST 1 (ZAR1) and showed that it interacts with CERK1 specifically when the tyrosine 428 (Y428) residue of CERK1 is dephosphorylated. ZAR1 was originally characterized as an integrator for calmodulin and G-protein signals to regulate zygotic division in  Arabidopsis . Our current results established that ZAR1 also negatively contributed to defense against the fungus  Botrytis cinerea  and played a redundant role with its homolog ZAR2 in this process. The  zar1-3 zar2-1  double mutant exhibited stronger resistance to  B. cinerea  compared with  zar1-3  single mutant,  zar2-1  single mutant, and wild-type plants. Moreover, the inducible expression of numerous defense response genes upon  B. cinerea  infection was increased in the  zar1-3zar2-1  double mutant, consistent with a repressive role for ZAR proteins in the defense response. Therefore, our findings provided insight into the function of ZAR1 in multiple defenses and developmental regulation pathways.

The Zygotic Division Regulator ZAR1 Plays a Negative Role in Defense Against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis