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Nitrogen (N) deposition and drought are two major stressors that influence tree growth and propagation. However, few studies have investigated their interactions. In this study, saplings of the two co-occurring species  Ormosia pinnata  (leguminous) and  Schima superba  (non-leguminous) were cultivated under two N addition rates (0 and 80 kg N ha –1  year –1 ) with well-watered (WW, 80% of field capacity), moderate drought (MD, 60% of field capacity), and severe drought conditions (SD, 40% of field capacity). We examined their growth, as well as multiple anatomical and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) responses, after 2 years. Results revealed that N addition significantly promoted the growth of MD-stressed  S. superba , whereas no significant effect was detected in  O. pinnata . Decreased leaf water potential (both Ψ md  and Ψ pd ) was also observed with N addition for both species under MD, but not under SD. Furthermore, the application of N positively impacted drought adaptive responses in the stem xylem of  S. superba , showing decreased stem xylem vessel diameter ( D  H ), theoretical hydraulic conductivity ( K  th ), and increased vessel frequency ( VF ) upon drought under N addition; such impacts were not observed in  O. pinnata . Regarding leaf anatomy, N addition also caused drought-stressed  S. superba  to generate leaves with a lower density of veins ( VD ) and stomata ( SD ), which potentially contributed to an enhanced acclimation to drought. However, the same factors led to a decrease in the palisade mesophyll thickness ( PMT ) of SD - stressed  O. pinnata . Moreover, N addition increased the xylem soluble sugar and starch of MD-stressed  O. pinnata , and decreased the xylem soluble sugar under SD for both species. The results suggest that N addition does not consistently modify tree growth and anatomical traits under variable water availability.  S. superba  appeared to have a greater capacity to be more adaptable under the future interactive effects of N addition and drought due to major modifications in its anatomical traits.

Responses in Growth and Anatomical Traits of Two Subtropical Tree Species to Nitrogen Addition, Drought, and Their Interactions