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Trichoderma  can induce plant hormone signal pathways mediating plant defenses, resulting in broad-spectrum resistance to phytopathogens. Herein,  Malus sieversii  seedlings were treated with  Trichoderma  biofertilizer and/or  Alternaria alternata  f. sp.  mali , and transcriptome analysis revealed significant differential expression. There was a high similarity between the transcriptome expression profiles of  Trichoderma -induced and  A. alternata -infected  M. sieversii  samples for genes related to jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways. Additionally,  Trichoderma  biofertilizer activated numerous disease-resistant genes ( ERF ,  NAC ,  bHLH , and  STK ) and defense response genes ( DRP ,  ABC , and  HSP ). Among transcription factors, members of the ERF family were the most differentially expressed (18  ERF s), indicating that they may be closely related to defense responses. Among ERFs, differential expression of  MsERF105  was the most significant (upregulated 27.6-fold compared to controls).  MsERF105  was heterologously expressed in PdPap poplar ( Populus davidiana  ×  Populus alba  var.  pyramidalis  Louche), and following infection with  A. alternata  (Aal), transgenic PdPap-MsERF105s plants displayed lower malondialdehyde (downregulated 41.4%) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) levels, and higher reductase activities, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD; upregulated 77.5% compared to PdPap-ROK2 plants). Furthermore, the lesion areas of PdPap-MsERF105s leaves were significantly smaller (0.2%) than those of PdPap-ROK2 leaves (∼26.0%), and the cell membrane integrity was superior for PdPap-MsERF105s leaves. Thus,  MsERF105  enhanced the resistance of PaPap poplar to Aal, presumably because  MsERF105  activates the expression of  PR1  and  PDF1.2 . In conclusion,  Trichoderma  biofertilizer modulated the differential expression of numerous disease resistance genes and defense response genes in  M. sieversii  in response to pathogen attack, and  MsERF105  played important roles in this process.

Trichoderma-Induced Ethylene Responsive Factor MsERF105 Mediates Defense Responses in Malus sieversii