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Seed priming has been for a long time an efficient application method of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Due to the quick degradation of the priming agents, this technique has been limited to specific immediate uses. With the increase of awareness of the importance of sustainable use of biofertilizers, seed coating has presented a competitive advantage regarding its ability to adhere easily to the seed, preserve the inoculant, and decompose in the soil. This study compared primed  Phaseolus vulgaris  seeds with  Rhizobium tropici  and trehalose with coated seeds using a silk solution mixed with  R. tropici  and trehalose. We represented the effect of priming and seed coating on seed germination and the development of seedlings by evaluating physiological and morphological parameters under different salinity levels (0, 20, 50, and 75 mM). Results showed that germination and morphological parameters have been significantly enhanced by applying  R. tropici  and trehalose. Seedlings of coated seeds show higher root density than the freshly primed seeds and the control. The physiological response has been evaluated through the stomatal conductance, the chlorophyll content, and the total phenolic compounds. The stability of these physiological traits indicated the role of trehalose in the protection of the photosystems of the plant under low and medium salinity levels.  R. tropici  and trehalose helped the plant mitigate the negative impact of salt stress on all traits. These findings represent an essential contribution to our understanding of stress responses in coated and primed seeds. This knowledge is essential to the design of coating materials optimized for stressed environments. However, further progress in this area of research must anticipate the development of coatings adapted to different stresses using micro and macro elements, bacteria, and fungi with a significant focus on biopolymers for sustainable agriculture and soil microbiome preservation.

Bioformulation of Silk-Based Coating to Preserve and Deliver Rhizobium tropici to Phaseolus vulgaris Under Saline Environments