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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two predominant mineral elements, which are not only essential for plant growth and development in general but also play a key role in symbiotic N fixation in legumes. Legume plants have evolved complex signaling networks to respond to both external and internal levels of these macronutrients to optimize symbiotic N fixation in nodules. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and nitrate (NO 3  − ) are the two major forms of P and N elements utilized by plants, respectively. Pi starvation and NO 3  −  application both reduce symbiotic N fixation  via  similar changes in the nodule gene expression and invoke local and long-distance, systemic responses, of which N-compound feedback regulation of rhizobial nitrogenase activity appears to operate under both conditions. Most of the N and P signaling and transport processes have been investigated in model organisms, such as  Medicago truncatula ,  Lotus japonicus ,  Glycine max ,  Phaseolus vulgaris ,  Arabidopsis thaliana ,  Oryza sativa , etc. We attempted to discuss some of these processes wherever appropriate, to serve as references for a better understanding of the N and P signaling and transport during symbiosis.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Signaling and Transport During Legume–Rhizobium Symbiosis