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Carotenoids are pigments with important nutritional value in the human diet. As antioxidant molecules, they act as scavengers of free radicals enhancing immunity and preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, α-carotene and β-carotene, the main carotenoids of carrots ( Daucus carota ) are precursors of vitamin A, whose deficiency in the diet can trigger night blindness and macular degeneration. With the aim of increasing the carotenoid content in fruit flesh, three key genes of the carotenoid pathway, phytoene synthase ( DcPSY2)  and lycopene cyclase ( DcLCYB1)  from carrots, and carotene desaturase ( XdCrtI)  from the yeast  Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous , were optimized for expression in apple and cloned under the  Solanum chilense  (tomatillo) polygalacturonase (PG) fruit specific promoter. A biotechnological platform was generated and functionally tested by subcellular localization, and single, double and triple combinations were both stably transformed in tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum  var. Microtom) and transiently transformed in Fuji apple fruit flesh ( Malus domestica ). We demonstrated the functionality of the  S. chilense  PG promoter by directing the expression of the transgenes specifically to fruits. Transgenic tomato fruits expressing  DcPSY2 ,  DcLCYB1 , and  DcPSY2-XdCRTI , produced 1.34, 2.0, and 1.99-fold more total carotenoids than wild-type fruits, respectively. Furthermore, transgenic tomatoes expressing  DcLCYB1 ,  DcPSY2-XdCRTI , and  DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1  exhibited an increment in β-carotene levels of 2.5, 3.0, and 2.57-fold in comparison with wild-type fruits, respectively. Additionally, Fuji apple flesh agroinfiltrated with  DcPSY2  and  DcLCYB1  constructs showed a significant increase of 2.75 and 3.11-fold in total carotenoids and 5.11 and 5.84-fold in β-carotene, respectively whereas the expression of  DcPSY2-XdCRTI  and  DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1  generated lower, but significant changes in the carotenoid profile of infiltrated apple flesh. The results in apple demonstrate that  DcPSY2  and  DcLCYB1  are suitable biotechnological genes to increase the carotenoid content in fruits of species with reduced amounts of these pigments.

Daucus carota DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 as Tools for Carotenoid Metabolic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Value of Fruits