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Embryogenesis is a critical developmental process that establishes the body organization of higher plants. During this process, the biogenesis of chloroplasts from proplastids is essential. A failure in chloroplast development during embryogenesis can cause morphologically abnormal embryos or embryonic lethality. In this study, we isolated a T-DNA insertion mutant of the  Arabidopsis  gene  EMBRYO DEFECTIVE 2726  ( EMB2726 ). Heterozygous  emb2726  seedlings produced about 25% albino seeds with embryos that displayed defects at the 32-cell stage and that arrested development at the late globular stage. EMB2726 protein was localized in chloroplasts and was expressed at all stages of development, such as embryogenesis. Moreover, the two translation elongation factor Ts domains within the protein were critical for its function. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cells in  emb2726  embryos contained undifferentiated proplastids and that the expression of plastid genome-encoded photosynthesis-related genes was dramatically reduced. Expression studies of  DR5:GFP ,  pDRN : DRN-GFP , and  pPIN1:PIN1-GFP  reporter lines indicated normal auxin biosynthesis but altered polar auxin transport. The expression of  pSHR:SHR-GFP  and  pSCR:SCR-GFP  confirmed that procambium and ground tissue precursors were lacking in  emb2726  embryos. The results suggest that EMB2726 plays a critical role during  Arabidopsis  embryogenesis by affecting chloroplast development, possibly by affecting the translation process in plastids.

Plastid-Localized EMB2726 Is Involved in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Early Embryo Development in Arabidopsis