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The promotion and application of transgenic  Bt  crops provides an approach for the prevention and control of target lepidopteran pests and effectively relieves the environmental pressure caused by the massive usage of chemical pesticides in fields. However, studies have shown that  Bt  crops will face a new risk due to a decrease in exogenous toxin content under elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, thus negatively affecting the ecological sustainability of  Bt  crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important beneficial microorganisms that can effectively improve the nutrient status of host plants and are expected to relieve the ecological risk of  Bt  crops under increasing CO 2  due to global climate change. In this study, the  Bt  maize and its parental line of non-transgenic  Bt  maize were selected and inoculated with a species of AMF ( Funneliformis caledonium , synonyms:  Glomus caledonium ), in order to study the secondary defensive chemicals and yield of maize, and to explore the effects of  F. caledonium  inoculation on the growth, development, and reproduction of the pest  Mythimna separata  fed on  Bt  maize and non- Bt  maize under ambient carbon dioxide concentration ( a CO 2 ) and elevated carbon dioxide concentration ( e CO 2 ). The results showed that  e CO 2  increased the AM fungal colonization, maize yield, and foliar contents of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but decreased foliar Bt toxin content and  Bt  gene expression in  Bt  maize leaves.  F. caledonium  inoculation increased maize yield, foliar JA, SA contents,  Bt  toxin contents, and  Bt  gene expression in  Bt  maize leaves, and positively improved the growth, development, reproduction, and food utilization of the  M. separata  fed on non- Bt  maize. However,  F. caledonium  inoculation was unfavorable for the fitness of  M. separata  fed on  Bt  maize, and the effect was intensified when combined with  e CO 2 . It is indicated that  F. caledonium  inoculation had adverse effects on the production of non- Bt  maize due to the high potential risk of population occurrence of  M. separata , while it was just the opposite for  Bt  maize. Therefore, this study confirms that the AMF can increase the yield and promote the expression levels of its endogenous (JA, SA) and exogenous (Bt toxin) secondary defense substances of  Bt  maize under  e CO 2 , and finally can enhance the insect resistance capacity of  Bt  crops, which will help ensure the sustainable utilization and safety of  Bt  crops under climate change.

AMF Inoculation Can Enhance Yield of Transgenic Bt Maize and Its Control Efficiency Against Mythimna separata Especially Under Elevated CO2