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Strawberries produce numerous volatile compounds that contribute to the unique flavors of fruits. Among the many volatiles, γ-decalactone (γ-D) has the greatest contribution to the characteristic fruity aroma in strawberry fruit. The presence or absence of γ-D is controlled by a single locus,  FaFAD1 . However, this locus has not yet been systematically characterized in the octoploid strawberry genome. It has also been reported that the volatile content greatly varies among the strawberry varieties possessing  FaFAD1 , suggesting that another genetic factor could be responsible for the different levels of γ-D in fruit. In this study, we explored the genomic structure of  FaFAD1  and determined the allele dosage of  FaFAD1  that regulates variations of γ-D production in cultivated octoploid strawberry. The genome-wide association studies confirmed the major locus  FaFAD1  that regulates the γ-D production in cultivated strawberry. With the hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing analysis, a major presence–absence variation of  FaFAD1  was discovered among γ-D producers and non-producers. To explore the genomic structure of  FaFAD1  in the octoploid strawberry, three bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were developed. A deletion of 8,262 bp was consistently found in the  FaFAD1  region of γ-D non-producing varieties. With the newly developed InDel-based codominant marker genotyping, along with γ-D metabolite profiling data, we revealed the impact of gene dosage effect for the production of γ-D in the octoploid strawberry varieties. Altogether, this study provides systematic information of the prominent role of  FaFAD1  presence and absence polymorphism in producing γ-D and proposes that both alleles of  FaFAD1  are required to produce the highest content of fruity aroma in strawberry fruit.

frontiers in plant science

Genomic Characterization of the Fruity Aroma Gene, FaFAD1, Reveals a Gene Dosage Effect on γ-Decalactone Production in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)