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The APETALA2 (AP2) and ethylene-responsive element-binding factor (ERF) gene family is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor gene families, which plays a critical role in plant development and evolution, as well as response to various stresses.  The TARGET OF EAT3  ( TOE3 ) gene is derived from  Halostachys caspica  and belongs to the AP2 subfamily with two AP2 DNA-binding domains. Currently, AP2 family mainly plays crucial roles in plant growth and evolution, yet there are few reports about the role of AP2 in abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we report  HcTOE3 , a new cold-regulated transcription factor gene, which has an important contribution to freezing tolerance. The main results showed that the expression of  HcTOE3  in the  H. caspica  assimilating branches was strongly induced by different abiotic stresses, including high salinity, drought, and extreme temperature (heat, chilling, and freezing), as well as abscisic acid and methyl viologen treatments. Overexpressing  HcTOE3  gene (OE) induced transgenic  Arabidopsis  plant tolerance to freezing stress. Under freezing treatment, the OE lines showed lower content of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage and less accumulation of reactive oxygen species compared with the wild type. However, the survival rates, antioxidant enzyme activities, and contents of osmotic adjustment substance proline were enhanced in transgenic plants. Additionally, the OE lines increased freezing tolerance by up-regulating the transcription level of cold responsive genes ( CBF1 ,  CBF2 ,  COR15 ,  COR47 ,  KIN1 , and  RD29A ) and abscisic acid signal transduction pathway genes ( ABI1 ,  ABI2 ,  ABI5 , and  RAB18 ). Our results suggested that HcTOE3 positively regulated freezing stress and has a great potential as a candidate gene to improve plant freezing tolerance.

The Halophyte Halostachys caspica AP2/ERF Transcription Factor HcTOE3 Positively Regulates Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis