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Host resistance is the most practical, long-term, and economically efficient disease control measure for Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the xylem-invading fungus  Verticillium dahliae  ( Vd ), and it is at the core of the integrated disease management. Plant’s microbiome at the site of infection may have an influence on the host reaction to pathogens; however, the role of xylem microbial communities in the olive resistance to  Vd  has been overlooked and remains unexplored to date. This research was focused on elucidating whether  in vitro  olive propagation may alter the diversity and composition of the xylem-inhabiting microbiome and if those changes may modify the resistance response that a wild olive clone shows to the highly virulent defoliating (D) pathotype of  Vd . Results indicated that although there were differences in microbial communities among the different propagation methodologies, most substantial changes occurred when plants were inoculated with  Vd , regardless of whether the infection process took place, with a significant increase in the diversity of bacterial communities when the pathogen was present in the soil. Furthermore, it was noticeable that olive plants multiplied under  in vitro  conditions developed a susceptible reaction to D  Vd , characterized by severe wilting symptoms and 100% vascular infection. Moreover, those  in vitro  propagated plants showed an altered xylem microbiome with a decrease in total OTU numbers as compared to that of plants multiplied under non-aseptic conditions. Overall, 10 keystone bacterial genera were detected in olive xylem regardless of infection by  Vd  and the propagation procedure of plants ( in vitro  vs nursery), with  Cutibacterium  (36.85%),  Pseudomonas  (20.93%),  Anoxybacillus  (6.28%),  Staphylococcus  (4.95%),  Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum  (3.91%), and  Bradyrhizobium  (3.54%) being the most abundant.  Pseudomonas  spp. appeared as the most predominant bacterial group in micropropagated plants and  Anoxybacillus  appeared as a keystone bacterium in  Vd- inoculated plants irrespective of their propagation process. Our results are the first to show a breakdown of resistance to  Vd  in a wild olive that potentially may be related to a modification of its xylem microbiome and will help to expand our knowledge of the role of indigenous xylem microbiome on host resistance, which can be of use to fight against main vascular diseases of olive.

frontiers in plant science

Verticillium dahliae Inoculation and in vitro Propagation Modify the Xylem Microbiome and Disease Reaction to Verticillium Wilt in a Wild Olive Genotype