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The proper timing of flowering in response to environmental changes is critical for ensuring crop yields.  FLOWERING LOCUS T  ( FT ) homologs of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family play important roles as floral integrators in many crops. In soybean, we identified 17 genes of this family, and characterized biological functions in flowering for ten  FT  homologs. Overexpression of  GmFT  homologs in  Arabidopsis  revealed that a set of  GmFT  homologs, including  GmFT2a/2b ,  GmFT3a/3b , and  GmFT5a/5b , promoted flowering similar to  FT ; in contrast,  GmFT1a/1b ,  GmFT4 , and  GmFT6  delayed flowering. Consistently, expressions of  GmFT2a ,  GmFT2b , and  GmFT5a  were induced in soybean leaves in response to floral inductive short days, whereas expressions of  GmFT1a  and  GmFT4  were induced in response to long days. Exon swapping analysis between floral activator  GmFT2a  and floral repressor  GmFT4  revealed that the segment B region in the fourth exon is critical for their antagonistic functions. Finally, expression analysis of  GmFT2a ,  GmFT5a , and  GmFT4  in soybean accessions exhibiting various flowering times indicated that the mRNA levels of  GmFT2a  and  GmFT5a  were higher in early flowering accessions than in late-flowering accessions, while  GmFT4  showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, the relative mRNA levels between  GmFT2a / GmFT5a  and  GmFT4  was important in determining day length-dependent flowering in soybean accessions. Taken together, our results suggest that the functions of  GmFT  homologs have diversified into floral activators and floral repressors during soybean evolution, and the timing of flowering in response to changing day length is determined by modulating the activities of antagonistic  GmFT  homologs.

Diversification in Functions and Expressions of Soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T Genes Fine-Tunes Seasonal Flowering