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The mainly Australian grass genus  Austrostipa  (tribe Stipeae) comprising approximately 64 species represents a remarkable example of an evolutionary radiation. To investigate aspects of diversification, macro- and micromorphological variation in this genus, we conducted molecular phylogenetic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses including representatives from most of  Austrostipa ’s currently accepted subgenera. Because of its taxonomic significance in Stipeae, we studied the lemma epidermal pattern (LEP) in 34 representatives of  Austrostipa.  Plastid DNA variation within  Austrostipa  was low and only few lineages were resolved. Nuclear ITS and  Acc1  yielded comparable groupings of taxa and resolved subgenera  Arbuscula ,  Petaurista , and  Bambusina  in a common clade and as monophyletic. In most of the  Austrostipa  species studied, the LEP was relatively uniform (typical maize-like), but six species had a modified cellular structure. The species representing subgenera  Lobatae ,  Petaurista ,  Bambusina  as well as  A. muelleri  from subg.  Tuberculatae  were well-separated from all the other species included in the analysis. We suggest recognizing nine subgenera in  Austrostipa  (with number of species):  Arbuscula  (4),  Aulax  (2),  Austrostipa  (36),  Bambusina  (2),  Falcatae  (10),  Lobatae  (5),  Longiaristatae  (2),  Petaurista  (2) and the new subgenus  Paucispiculatae  (1) encompassing  A. muelleri . Two paralogous sequence copies of  Acc1 , forming two distinct clades, were found in polyploid  Austrostipa  and  Anemanthele . We found analogous patterns for our samples of  Stipa  s.str. with their  Acc1  clades strongly separated from those of  Austrostipa  and  Anemanthele . This underlines a previous hypothesis of  Tzvelev (1977)  that most extant Stipeae are of hybrid origin. We also prepared an up-to-date survey and reviewed the chromosome number variation for our molecularly studied taxa and the whole tribe Stipeae. The chromosome base number patterns as well as dysploidy and whole-genome duplication events were interpreted in a phylogenetic framework. The rather coherent picture of chromosome number variation underlines the enormous phylogenetic and evolutionary significance of this frequently ignored character.

frontiers in plant science

Molecular Phylogenetics and Micromorphology of Australasian Stipeae (Poaceae, Subfamily Pooideae), and the Interrelation of Whole-Genome Duplication and Evolutionary Radiations in This Grass Tribe