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Stomatal density is an important factor that determines the efficiency of plant gas exchange and water transpiration. Through forward genetics, we screened a mutant  rice stomata developmental defect 1  ( rsd1-1 ) with decreased stomatal density and clustered stomata in rice ( Oryza sativa ). After the first asymmetric division, some of the larger sister cells undergo an extra asymmetric division to produce a small cell neighboring guard mother cell. Some of these small cells develop into stomata, which leads to stomatal clustering, and the rest arrested or developed into pavement cell. After map-based cloning, we found the protein encoded by this gene containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains. Evolutionary analysis showed that the  DUF630/632  gene family differentiated earlier in land plants. It was found that the deletion of  RSD1  would lead to the disorder of gene expression regarding stomatal development, especially the expression of  stomatal density and distribution 1  ( OsSDD1 ). Through the construction of  OsSDD1  deletion mutants by CRISPR-Cas9, we found that, similar to  rsd1  mutants, the  ossdd1  mutants have clustered stomata and extra small cells adjacent to the stomata.  OsSDD1  and  RSD1  are both required for inhibiting ectopic asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) and clustered stomata. By dehydration stress assay, the decreased stomatal density of  rsd1  mutants enhanced their dehydration avoidance. This study characterized the functions of  RSD1  and  OsSDD1  in rice stomatal development. Our findings will be helpful in developing drought-resistant crops through controlling the stomatal density.

RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice