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Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential multifunctional molecule for both plants and mammals. In plants, ascorbate is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant that supports stress tolerance. In humans, ascorbate is an essential micronutrient and promotes iron (Fe) absorption in the gut. Engineering crops with increased ascorbate levels have the potential to improve both crop stress tolerance and human health. Here, rice ( Oryza sativa  L.) plants were engineered to constitutively overexpress the rice  GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase  coding sequence (35S- OsGGP ), which encodes the rate-limiting enzymatic step of the L-galactose pathway. Ascorbate concentrations were negligible in both null segregant (NS) and 35S- OsGGP  brown rice (BR, unpolished grain), but significantly increased in 35S- OsGGP  germinated brown rice (GBR) relative to NS. Foliar ascorbate concentrations were significantly increased in 35S- OsGGP  plants in the vegetative growth phase relative to NS, but significantly reduced at the reproductive growth phase and were associated with reduced  OsGGP  transcript levels. The 35S- OsGGP  plants did not display altered salt tolerance at the vegetative growth phase despite having elevated ascorbate concentrations. Ascorbate concentrations were positively correlated with ferritin concentrations in Caco-2 cells – an accurate predictor of Fe bioavailability in human digestion – exposed to  in vitro  digests of NS and 35S- OsGGP  BR and GBR samples.

frontiers in plant science

Effect of Rice GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase Constitutive Overexpression on Ascorbate Concentration, Stress Tolerance, and Iron Bioavailability in Rice