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The Chilean endemic genus  Costesia  belongs to the Gigaspermaceae, one of the most basal groups of arthrodontous mosses. While none of the species in this family has a peristome, earlier stages of sporophyte development often disclose its basic structure. The study of  Costesia  sporophytes at the early stages of development was conducted to identify possible similarities with  Diphyscium , the genus sister to Gigaspermaceae plus all other arthrodontous mosses in the moss phylogenetic tree.  Diphyscium  shares a strongly unequal cell division pattern with the Dicranidae. In groups more closely related to  Diphyscium , as it is the case of  Costesia , this pattern is not known. Our study of  Costesia  found only irregular presence of slightly unequal cell divisions that may then be considered as a plesiomorphic state in peristomate mosses. The most frequently present pattern revealed in  Costesia  is common with the Polytrichaceae, a more basal moss group with nematodontous peristomes.

Cell Division Patterns in the Peristomial Layers of the Moss Genus Costesia: Two Hypotheses and a Third Solution