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C 4  photosynthesis results from a set of anatomical features and biochemical components that act together to concentrate CO 2  within the leaf and boost productivity. This complex trait evolved independently many times, resulting in various realizations of the phenotype, but in all C 4  plants the primary fixation of atmospheric carbon is catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Comparisons of C 4  and non-C 4  PEPC from a few closely related species suggested that the enzyme was modified to meet the demands of the C 4  cycle. However, very few C 4  groups have been investigated, hampering general conclusions. To test the hypothesis that distant C 4  lineages underwent convergent biochemical changes, we compare the kinetic variation between C 4  and non-C 4  PEPC from a previously assessed young lineage ( Flaveria , Asteraceae) with those from an older lineage found within the distantly related grass family ( Panicum ). Despite the evolutionary distance, the kinetic changes between the non-C 4  and C 4  PEPC are qualitatively similar, with a decrease in sensitivity for inhibitors, an increased specificity ( k   cat / K   m ) for bicarbonate, and a decreased specificity ( k   cat / K   m ) for PEP. The differences are more pronounced in the older lineage  Panicum , which might indicate that optimization of PEPC for the C 4  context increases with evolutionary time.

Kinetic Modifications of C4 PEPC Are Qualitatively Convergent, but Larger in Panicum Than in Flaveria